VIDEO & KAHOOT JUÁN CABEZAS GUTIERREZ, CARLOS CALLEJERO CUCO.

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VIDEO & KAHOOT IGNACIO RUIZ BECERRO, RODRIGO SANJOSÉ BELLOD, RAFAEL SÁNCHEZ MARTÍNEZ.

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VIDEO & KAHOOT ROCIO PALACIOS GUERRERO, EZQUIEL BOLUDA REVERTE

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VIDEO & KAHOOT ANTONIO MARTÍN SÁNCHEZ, IGNACIO GONZÁLEZ CEREZO, MANUEL JESÚS MACHO FILLAT.

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WRITING 4 ANTONIO FERNÁNDEZ LÓPEZ

 Airplanes operate in an environment that is unlike an automobile. Drivers tend to drive with fairly narrow field of view and focus primarly on forward motion. Beginning pilots tend to practice the same. 

Flight instructors face the challeng of teaching beginning pilots about alttitude awareness, which requieres understanding the motions of flight. An airplane rotates in a bank, pitch, ano yaw while also movinf horizontally, vertically and laterally. The fur fundamentals: straight-and-level flight, turns, climbs and descents, are the principle maneuvers that control the airplane through the six motions of flight.

So, the four fundamental maneuvers of straight-and-level flight, turns, and descends are the foundation of the basics of an aircraft. Effort and continuous practice are requiered to master the fundamentals.

It's important that a pilot consider the motions of flight. A pilot must undertsand and apply the principles of flight in order to control an airplane with the greatest margin of mastery and safety.

WRITING 5 IGNACIO RUIZ BECERRO

 Nowadays, radio communnications are important in all areas of our daily life, but specifically in aircraft, where communications between the pilot and the control tower are essential, or between two pilots of different aircraft. We are going to present several reasons why these radio communications are so important.

Firstly, we need to think that an accident could be a result of a misinterpretation of the information, so this information must be clear. For that, this communication must be through the phonetical alphabet using words such as “Charlie” that represents the letter C to give coordinates for example. This information needs to include prowords as “roger”, “over”, “say again” or “go ahead”. For example, in military missions, this information must be encrypted so that the enemies cannot know where the allied troops are or what their plans are for the success of the mission.

To sum up, communnications in aircrafts is one of the most important element, for the security of the passengers in case, is as important as mechanical elements. Remember this short sentence: “a poor communication may be the failure of a misión.”

WRITING 5 EDUARDO PRÉJANO GÓMEZ

 The communications are vitally in the aviation world. If we don´t use words like “over or “roger”,  fly wolud be so complicated, and especially take off and take down.

When a plane it´s going to take off always needs to communicate with the tower of control and ask for his permision. If no other plane has priority, the tower will say “tower of control to bird 02, afirmative, you can take off, over” and if the plane has recived the message, he will say “roger”.

The use of this type of words are obligatory when we talk about say something short and usefull. Normally the communications run well and the situation don´t need they, however, if something goes wrong, use the word “negative” and not “no” can save your life. Morouver, this words are international, this mean that a spain pilot can take down in a USA base with any problem using this words.

In conclusion, it is imposible to fly withouht communications in this day and age, and the use of the tactical words to talk to other planes or the tower of control it´s very usefull.

WRITING 5 RAFAEL SÁNCHEZ MARTÍNEZ

 I am going to talk about radio communnications and why they are essential in aircrafts.

A pilot is receiving messages at everytime, during the take-off, landing and fly. If a pilot does not have any people in tower saying all types of things, the pilot will not be able to fly. Therefore, pilot has to do everything that tower communications say him on radio. There are a specific vocabulary or words that a pilot and a tower radio have to know. For example, words like over, affirmative negative, roger, say again, wilco, stand bay…and key words of aviation which are roll, pitch and yaw. The communications have to be short, specific and clearly, because pilot does not have time to listen a lot of orders. Also the structure of the communication is the next: firstly, you must say the name of who is going to send the message and who is going to receive. Secondly, you say your message and you end with over.

One example is that: “pilot from tower, ten minutes to landing, over”

To sum up, communications are very important in aviation life and very useful. 

WRITING 5 PABLO PECES ALGUACIL

 The OTAM is a military organization composed of different European countries. The main objective of the organization is keeping the peace and in case of war, they give each other the recurses and all assistance that they need. Fort the correct operation they need to have several characteristics, the most important, the language, especially in aircraft.

The work of an aircraft pilot is very intense, in a very few periods of time you have to take important decisions, that's why it is always to have a good fulcrum. This is the radio communications, a person who is seeing the situation from a better localization.

For that, the OTAM has a phonetic alphabet, for all countries, moreover one of the most important they share is the prowords, this are provide quick ways to communicate longer messages. For example; the most used are: roger, that means that I received and understood the message; say again, used when we did not hear the message and we wanted to repeat it, and affirmative and negative, using for granted and denied and permission.

As we can see the radio communication make our life easier and safer. 

WRITING 5 CAROLINA GAROZ SAN JUAN

 

In the world of the air forces, the use of communications is very important, because without them, missions couldn’t be done properly.

In the use of these communications, especially by radio, it is used the “prowords”. Some examples are: “wilco” which is used to say that an order has been received and it will be fulfilled; “roger” which means that a message has been received; “over” to end the conversation…

The use of the NATO alphabet is also very important, because if we only say one letter for a certain message, it could be misunderstood, and it may create doubts. On the other hand, if we use its equivalent in the NATO alphabet, there wouldn’t be any doubts. For example, in order to say the letter “C” we say “CHARLIE”, because by a radio, is easier to understand “Charlie” than just “C”.

In a mission, encrypted messages are also used, that is, using words that are equivalent to others, or using certain codes that prevent the enemy from knowing what we are talking about.

In summary, communications are widely used in the air forces, especially the radio, because they are necessary for create a comunication between the pilot and the tower.

WRITING 5 PABLO OLLEOR CASTELLOTE

 Radio communications are essentials in aircrafts, as nowadays Internet is in our lives.  Now every aircraft uses radio communications. To start with I would like to explain how radio communications were developed. 

Firstly, it wasn´t until 1930, when a plane with radio communication was created, just a few years before the Second World War. It was a breathtaking invention which allowed to speak with other pilots of their squadron. Since then, it has been evolving until our days and it´s importance has also grown. Besides, pilots and soldiers have developed a new phonetic alphabet and prowords which help them to understand the message when the signal is weak, as for example: over, affirmative, acknowledge…

Secondly, if aircrafts hadn´t had radio communications, most of the missions wouldn´t have succeeded. That´s because radio communications are used for talking about the targets and everything improves if the pilots are coordinated. Furthermore, I can´t imagine a pilot who couldn´t speak with their mates and say: Roger, I wilco.

To sum up, I think in the future radio communications will even be more fundamental in aircrafts, but I can´t imagine if now we have such technological advances, how it will be in the future.

WRITING 5 RODRIGO SAN JOSÉ BELLOD

 To start with, radio communications are one of the most important factors in a flight, as it is the only way to transmit information between different aircrafts and between the plane and the control tower.

Before starting any flight, we must make sure that communication with the tower is reliable, since without that communication we are lost. The control tower is the one that gives us all the necessary information for our flight, such as the runways that are in service, or the air areas that are occupied. Radio communication is a vital part of every mission. 

Putting ourselves in an emergency situation, radio communication can save our lives in an emergency in flight, since from the tower they can help us make decisions at that critical moment. In this situations, we use prowords, which provide quick ways to communicate longer messages. 

A delay or miscommunication can be the difference between life and death, so we use support tools like the phonetic alphabet, which uses a different word for each letter of the alphabet. For example, the letter B is related to the word "Bravo". 

In short, radio communications are essential for all flights and a failure can be fatal.

WRITING 5 CARLOS CALLEJERO CUCO

 Since their creation in 1903, aircrafts have come a long way in terms of

technology on board. One large technological advance that

revolutionized the safety of airplanes is radio communication.

Radio communication has been a fundamental aspect in airplane safety

since it was introduced. This communication allows for planes to stay in

contact with other planes, know their location, and much more.

Another area where planes use radio communication is taking off and

landing. When planes take off and land, they must wait on the runway for

the airspace to be clear, so they do not crash into other planes, radio

communication makes this possible by allowing the pilots to speak with

the air traffic control tower and make sure that there are no other

airplanes in the way, and they are clear for takeoff.

One final reason that radio communication is important on airplanes is

for emergencies in the air. If anything were to happen on the airplane,

such as they needed to make an emergency landing, they would need to

call in to the nearest airport, and radio communication allows them to do

so.

In short, I would like to emphasize that modern day airplanes would not

be complete, nor safe, without radio communication, something that has

 proven to be a fundamental aspect in airplanes today.

WRITING 4 CAROLINA GAROZ SAN JUÁN

 Nowadays, the aircrafts are faster than a few years ago, and they can do better and more accurate than the old ones, and this is perfect for the air forces.

This aircrafts can make movements in all the axis, the vertical, longitudinal and lateral. The movement in each one is called “yaw”, “roll” and “pitch” respectively. The new aircrafts have high precision systems in their armament, and they can dive a missile just in the enemies place.

Moreover, the fighters can reach high speeds, to attain quickly the objective or to run away of a conflict zone. This speed gives to the fighters the capacity of ascend or descend in a few seconds.

Not only the aircrafts have improved, also there are improvements in the helicopters. They can ascend and descend without deviation. The helicopters can’t maneuver in all the axis, but maybe they may do it in the future.

In brief, the science is improving a lot every day, and with this change, we can set up better aircrafts or helicopters for our air forces, in order to be more efficient than our enemies.

WRITING 4 PABLO PECES ALGUACIL

  Technology is advancing every day in an unimaginable way, and this advance includes aeronautical engineering. The efforts for improving affect both the technology system as the body of the aircraft.

All these advances let the aircraft fly faster at a higher height, besides at the same time perform acrobatic maneuvers seen only from American movies.

Here in Spain, we are very lucky just having the best acrobatic patrol in the world, named La patrulla águila, we can enjoy all their sky maneuvers, they normally repeat all their movements in each show, however, depending on the importance of the show they can add special aerobatics. The order they follow is the next:

The first one is La entrada looping en cuña where we can appreciate how the formation spin leaning to the right using the lateral and vertical axis named yaw and pitch respectively. 

After that they make several movements, in which stand out the poker formation, the Mirlo formation looping, or they break in three times.

To sum up, the aircraft world has proven that advances in aviation often outweigh science fiction.

WRITING 4 EDUARDO PRÉJANO GÓMEZ

 The planes the only ones who can move in three axis of the space. This unic advantage make posible the incredible aerobatics that the planes can do. The three basic axis are the pitch, this when the nose of the plane go up and down; the roll, its produced by the alerons and make the plane spin horizontally; ant the yaw, its when the palne rotate paralle to the land like a car. In combination of this three basic axis, an aircraft can make incredible aerobatics. From the most easiest like the rolls, make a roll pin, the loopings, make pitch spin, or the invert flight, flying face down; to the most hard like cuban eights, chandells, and tailslides. Only theese last ones are maket by the most maniobrable planes like aerobatics aircrafts or jets. This last ones can use it like tool to deal with enemy jet in air to air combat. The transport planes like C-130 Hercules or A-400 only use the basic axis to flight. Rarely you will can see a Boing 437 doing a looping or roll in his flight.

WRITING 4 RAFAEL SÁNCHEZ MARTÍNEZ

 I am going to talk about planes abilities and some amazing maneuver that pilots can do it.

Firstly, I want to mention “Patrulla Águila”, which is the group of Spain army that made different movements whit C-101, which is the specific plane that they use. 

Secondly, I am going to explain some different moves. One of the most characteristic maneuvers is called “el ascenso”. To do this the pilot has to control pitch and the plane ascend very fast vertically to the ground until gravity force does not permit more. Another interesting movement is “espiral”. In this action, the pilot has to control roll and yaw in order to the plane begins to turn while it advances longitudinally. The star movement, which is my favourite, is known like mirror. One plane flies straight while another is on top flying upside down and both fly as one.

 

To sum up, pilot has to know perfect the three main moves of an aircraft: vertical axis (yaw), longitudinal axis(roll) and lateral axis (pitch) in order to can pilot aircraft and modern planes.

WRITING 4 IGNACIO RUIZ BECERRO

 In recent years air shows are gaining popularity around the world, but very few of us know the types of movements that acrobatic and combat pilots have to do to carry out these stunts that so impress the public. Today we will see what types of maneuvers they are and how they are carried out for the success of the flight.

Firstly, I am going to explain which are the three most important movements of the plane. The following movements are carried out on the three axes of the aircraft, the vertical, the horizontal and the transversal.Pitching is done thanks to the tail of the plane, in charge of the plane ascend or descend according to the maneuvers that the pilot wants to perform. The ailerons of the plane are what make the roll, a movement that allows the plane to turn on itself. the rudder handles the yaw of the plane, making it turn left or right.

All this movements together makes the plane doing some spectacular maneuvers in acrobatic shows. They are also usefull for combat places or missions.

WRITING 4 JUÁN CABEZAS GUITIÉRREZ

 

The aviation sector is in a continuous development and in recent years the way of flying has evolved a lot, but there are some maneuvers that still being really effective in the course of air operations. This is the case of low-level flight, which is used as an escape technique with the latest generation aircraft.

 This type of flight consists of flying at the lowest possible distance from the ground so as not to be detected by radars. The skill of the pilot is a key factor in this maneuver, since the success of the mission depends on his ability to assume risk. Normally this maneuver is carried out in mountainous areas and valleys, although it is also carried out at ground level in a desert or along the coast.

 Undoubtedly, it is a risky maneuver in which the pilot has to be fully focused on the mission so that the established objectives are reached. It should be noted that it is not only used with fighter planes such as Eurofighter or F18, but also with helicopters or transport planes with the same goal of not being detected by the enemy.

WRITING 4 ALICIA ACERO ALONSO

 The technology has greatly improved, nowadays, the Spanish Airforce has some of the latest and fastest airplanes, they are capable of doing spectacular maneuvers.

The aircrafts have three key axes, lateral, longitudinal and vertical, they are located in their center of gravity; thanks to these exes airplanes can spin around them and produce three different type of movements, the pitch, the roll and the yaw, respectively. There are a few planes that perform some maneuvers at the Spanish Airforce, these are the F-18 or the C-101 for example. Sometimes, they fly all together, they can descend almost to the ground and then, ascend rapidly to continue with their maneuvers; however, airplanes as the helicopters can´t do all these movements.

Also, science improve every single day and it allows to do new activities, like the aerial refuel, or transport planes inside another planes.

Thanks to all of these technological advances, the airplanes of the Spanish Airforce are more precise and faster, so that we are more effective and we can protect our territory against the enemy the best way.

WRITING 4 PABLO OLLERO CASTELLOTE

 Air combat maneuvering is the tactical art of moving, for getting a favorable position. To begin with, I would like to explain the history of the combat aereal maneuvers. The first dogfight, as the aereal battles are called, was in 1914 in the First World War. 

Since then, aircrafts have evolved so much that now an aircraft can perform maneuvers, which a few years ago would have been impossible to do or even to dream with achieving such a success. Nevertheless the main object in maneuvering still being the same don´t let your enemy get onto your six, while you are attempting to do it.

For example a fighter can dive to bomb moreover in less than three seconds it would have changed it´s pitch so it could ascend enough to avoid anti-aircraft fire. Besides with the passage of the years the range of maneuvers it´s impressively better such as the aircrafts have more power, furthermore they can hold up to 20G´s, allowing pilots to realize extremes maneuvers like the ‘’cobra’’.

To sum up, I think aircraft´s world is so fascinating and it´s technological advances are the forefront of everything developed by mankind. The question is, how is going to be an aircraft in twenty years? It could even surpass science fiction like in Star Wars.

WRITING 4 DIEGO PARDO DE SANTAYANA VALVERDE

 Just as aircrafts have been evolving over the past decades, their maneuvers have been done in parallel. Furthermore, it is such a deep subject that to treat it in a decent way, we would have to distinguish between the different types that exist.

There are some basic maneuvers which are done by pilots when they want to get an advantageous position before the enemy. They are mainly done by the combination of the three possible axes of rotation; yaw, row, pitch. The function of each axis varies from where it is located; the pitch is in charge of moving the lateral axis and ensures that the aircraft ascends or descends. On the other hand is the roll, which is located on the longitudinal axis, which in combination with the yaw, which are on the vertical; they get the plane to turn and climb above a target in a matter of tenths of a second.

In conclusion, the maneuvers are the result of the combination of the axes and the opportune moment to vary them.

WRITING 4 RODRIGO SANJOSÉ BELLOD

 To start with, today we are used to seeing airplanes regularly, but a few years ago it was very rare. Our parents or our grandparents would never have imagined as children that today an aircraft could do all the maneuvers it does. 

For example, in this academy there is a group of pilots called Patrulla Águila, who are dedicated to doing stunts and maneuvers in shows all over the world, and some of their most important maneuvers are very fast ascents and descents, crosses between them, or movements around longitudinal, vertical and lateral axis, making a roll, a yaw and a pitch, respectively. 

In the case of the Patrulla Águila, these maneuvers are simply to show off and show the army's capabilities, but in combat aircraft these maneuvers can save your life from an enemy attack in the air, or allow you to carry out the mission more effectively. For example, fighters climb above a target in seconds and destroy the enemy below them. 

In short, the maneuvers of an airplane can be very varied and all of them can give a show and help in combat.

WRITING 4 CARLOS BERROCAL RAMIREZ

 In the beginnings planes had to make maneuvers to control the plane in a similar way than today. Nowadays, planes are getting more and more sophisticated, making impressive maneuvers to climb, descend, or turn. 

Planes can roll with the help of the ailerons, this maneuver plus the pitch can make the plane to turn thanks to the elevator. Another maneuver made by a plane is to climb using the elevator for this purpose and pulling the nose up, as well as descending which push the nose down using the elevator. It is also used the rudder which changes yaw axis to control the direction of the plane and sometimes it is also used to turn. 

Modern aircrafts make these maneuvers at a high speed making it being harder than before and more impressive. Modern aircrafts also have same facilities to make these maneuvers easier like the G-tolerance or the air brakes. 

These main maneuvers are essential for a flight, starting to be harder than before, without them a plane couldn’t turn, take off land, etc. 

WRITING 4 JOSÉ ANTONIO SÁNCHEZ NAVARRO

 Aircrafts move around three well defined axis which are known as longitudinal axis (or x), lateral axis (or Y) and vertical axis (or Z). This three axis define most of the aerodinamics and maneouvres an aircrafts can develope. 

The longitudinal axis (X) determines the roll capability ( eventually known as bank) of an aircraft. The lateral axis (Y) meanwhile determines the pitch capacity of an aircraft ( nose up and nose down). Finally there is the jaw axis, which in turn, defines the capacity developed by the rudder and the fin ( vertical stabilizer), this is the rear part of the aircraft. 

From a flight safety point of view, which should be considered the most important in my opinion, we should take into account all these three axis to avoid certain maneouvres of an aircraft during a flight. We should avoid making any mistake which could lead us to a fatality or an accident. 

The maximum use of the handling characteristics of any airplane, also known in a more generic term as perfomances, are all included in the motions of it around these axis, assuring a safe flight. 

Therefore, it is of an upmost importance the study of the behaviour of each aircraft type around these axis. 

We have got a good example in the acrobatic patrols. Almost in all of the Air Forces over the world. We can find them in the Spanish Air Force, we have got the acrobatic patrol known as Patrulla Aguila ( concerning fixed wing aircrafts), being the CASA C-101 ( E-25 military denomination) the type used and as well, we can find the acrobatic patrol known ASPA ( concerning helicopters). This one, in turn, uses the Colibri or EC-120 ( H-25). They are stationed, respectively in the spanish Air Force Academy based in San Javier, Murcia and the spanish Air Force Helicopters school based at Armilla Air Force in Granada.

WRITING 4 CARLOS CALLEJERO CUCO

 Since its creation in december 1903 aircrafts have been developing until

the modern aeroplanes that we have nowadays, such as the versatile

Eurofighter-Typhoon, capable of making the most incredible maneuvers

like loopings, barrel rolls, low level flights...

This perfect machine designed to protect our peace, is able to do all the

maneuvers that I mentioned before, but in my opinion the most incredible

x is when this kind of planes fly in low altitude. We have to be conscious

that fighters planes are designed to fly in really high altitudes, and this

maneuver consists on flying around 100 feet high (around 30 meters).

This maneuver, called "Low Level Flight" is extremely dangerous for

three main reasons: First one, nethe possibility of hitting mountains,

electricity wires, trees..., Second one, the possibility of hitting birds and

Third onethe possibility of impact with another plane.

Arriving at this point and knowing all the dangers of this technique of

flying you might be asking yourself: Why do pilots risk their lives and the

plane in order to fly at low altitude? Well, the answer is simple; In Order

to avoid enemy radars and In order to win accuracy when they shoot or

bomb targets.

WRITING 4 PABLO SIERRA SÁNCHEZ DE LAMDRID

 Modern aircrafts can perform countless maneuvers. Therefore, the aim of the present essay is to unfold the posible operations which could be done with a plane. One of the most effective maneuvers within military aeronautics is the Barrel Roll Attack combat movement. This famous maneuvers consists on making a lop and a roll at the same time. The result in a helical movement in the same vertical plane. In this way you get a 90 degree angle of vision on your target which can mean victory in battle. It is often used when you are attacking a enemy plane that changes his direction quickly in space so you can be able to stay on its tail and to continue opening fire against it. You could say that it is the same as the Immelmann movement but instead of bottom to top, it is the other way around, from top to bottom. This last maneuver with which I am explaining are the two most famous combat movements in the world and the easiest to perform in any war scenario with climatic or human conditions.

WRITING 4 MARIA DEL ROCIO RIESTRA PONCE

 Modern aircraft can perform countless maneuvers. Therefore, the aim of the present essay is to unfold some operations which could be done with a plane.

Firstly, I’m going to introduce the Clover Leaf maneuver. This amazing stunt consists on 4 loopings made in a row. Each branch of the operation includes a 90 degree turn. Therefore, after completing the Clover Leaf, we make a 360 degree turn, which leaves us facing the same direction we had in the beginning of the stunt. This maneuver is used by fighter pilots in order to confuse the enemy in air to air combats. What’s more, is one of the most outstanding stunts performed by many of the different aerobatic demonstration teams, all around the world.

Secondly, I’ll talk about the Barrel Roll, in this maneuver, the airplane carries out a 360 degree rotation in its roll or longitudinal axis. Usually, fighter pilots made a single roll, but, some formations, such as the “Patrulla Águila” that is an aerobatic team of the Spanish Air Force, carry on several Barrel Rolls. 

To conclude, the Clover Leaf and the Barrel Roll are just two of the many difficult operations that modern aircrafts can accomplish.

WRITING 4 NATALIA LÓPEZ SEVILLA

 There are countless planes capable of performing maneuvers in the air and offering us a show.  A breathtaking maneuver is a spin.

A spin is a yaw aggravated stall which results in rotation about the spin axis. The aircraft follows a steep, "corkscrew" like, downward path.

Spins can be entered, either intentionally or unintentionally, from any flight attitude and at practically any airspeed. If a stalled aircraft is subjected to a sufficient yaw rate, it will enter a spin. The yaw can be induced by improper use of the rudder or can be a result of the wing drop characteristics of the aircraft in question. In a spin, both wings are in a stalled condition but one wing will be in a deeper stall than the other. The drag is greater on the more deeply stalled wing causing the aircraft to autorotate (yaw) toward that wing. Spins are characterised by high angle of attack, low airspeed and high rate of descent.

 

This type of maneuver is common in military parades and flight demonstrations, although it must be carried out by trained personnel and even an experienced pilot can lose control of the device.

WRITING 4 MANUEL SÁNCHEZ PORTILLO

 The different flying maneuvers that a plane is able to carry out make planes probably the most complex vehicle to drive among all the others. Comparing aircraft with cars, for example, we will soon realize that non-flying vehicles only move in the vertical axis, that is to say, they only can move right and left (and towards or backwards), because they run just in the horizontal plane. 

On the other side, planes move over the whole sky, therefore, they move on the three axes. On the vertical axis we find the same type of movement that cars make, which in this field is called yaw, and it is caused by the part of the plane known as rudder. Then we have the lateral axis, where, thanks to the elevators, a plane can ascend or dive depending on the aim of the pilot during the flight. Finally, in the longitudinal axis, a plane can roll due to the movement of the deflecting elevators, allowing the pilot to turn in the trajectory of the plane. 

These maneuvers, apart from making flying a really difficult task, also makes it an incredibly beautiful show to see from those who are truly experts, such as the “Patrulla Águila” in the Spanish Air Force.

WRITING 4 ROCIO PALACIOS GUERRERO

 Radio communications are a vital form of communication in the army in general and in aircrafts due to its different advantages.

 

The first advantage of radio communications is the existence of certain words that allow the communicator to send a long message in just a few words. Some examples are “Roger” which can be translated to “understood”, or “wilco” which means that we will execute an order.

On the other hand, longer words are also used in radio communications in other not to misunderstand short words such as “yes” or “no”. For these two words we use “affirmative” and “negative”, which are way longer but at the same time easier to understand in case of interferences.

Finally, in radio communications it is used what we call the phonetical alphabet. This alphabet consists of different words which are given to each letter. For example, the word “Juliet” goes for letter J, “Foxtrot” for F…. Aircrafts must exchange messages which involve a lot of letters, and by using this alphabet, it avoids misunderstanding a B with a D, for example.

 

To sum up, the importance of radio communications in aircrafts lies in its capacity to make communication easier as well as safer. 

WRITING 4 EZEQUIEL BOLUDA REVERTE

 Modern aircrafts can perform countless maneuvers. Therefore, the aim of the present essay is to unfold the possible operations which could be done with planes.

The first one I would like to talk about is the combat spared. This is the most basic of maneuvers used prior to engagement. A pair of attacking aircraft will separate, often by a distance of one mile horizontal by 1500 feet vertical. The fighter with the lower altitude becomes the defender, while the wingman flies above it. The defender will then attempt to lure their opponents into a good position to be attacked by the wingman. 

Secondly, another manoeuver is the defensive split. A pair of fighters encountering one or two attackers will often use a defensive split. The maneuver consists of both defenders making turns in opposite directions, forcing the attackers to follow only one aircraft. This allows the other defender to circle around, and maneuver behind the attackers.

Finally, the sandwich maneuver begins with two defenders flying side by side, with about a mile of lateral separation. When an attacker maneuvers onto the tail of one aircraft, the defender will make a sharp turn away from the wingman. At the same time, the wingman turns in the same direction as the defender. When both fighters turn 90 degrees, they will come into single-file alignment with each other, "sandwiching" the attacker in the middle. Because the attacker is distracted chasing the defender, this allows the wingman to maneuver onto the attacker's tail for an easy shot.

The are many other manoeuvres, but these are my favourite ones

WRITING 4 ESTBAN VALDELVIRA DOÑATE

    Modern aircrafts can perform countless maneuvers. Therefore, the aim of the present essay is to unfold the possible operations which could be done with a plane.

    The first maneuvers in history were performed to gain a positional advantage over the opponent, they could be offensive or defensive; nowadays they are called basic fighter maneuvers. However, over the years pilots have developed new ones, this time with a different goal: entertainment; they are known as aerobatic figures.

     One of the most famous maneuvers is the loop, in which the pilot draws a vertical circle by using a positive pitching moment until the figure is completed.

     Another one is the tailslide. Firstly, the aircraft flies straight up at full power, until it loses the momentum. Secondly, the aircraft falls backwards. Finally, when the nose reaches a vertical down position, the pilot performs a loop to recover the flight.

    Most maneuvers are quite enjoyable, as they look so natural and harmonious, aircrafts look just like ballet dancers in perfect choreography. They can only be carried out by elite pilots, what makes it even more special and unique. If you ever assist such a spectacle, just sit and appreciate what you are witnessing.

WRITING 4 JORGE SÁNCHEZ NAVALÓN

 In Spain we have two types of fighter and attack aircraft, the F-18 and the Eurofighter. These planes can launch missiles, even bombs, but one of the most special things about these planes is the ability to perform impossible stunts.

In a combat situation, these planes must be able to escape any enemy attack, therefore they can rotate on their three axes. On its vertical axis the yaw varies, its lateral axis varies the pitch and finally its longitudinal axis varies the roll. By varying the pitch, we get the plane to ascend descend. While if we combine the roll with the yaw, we can get the plane to perform incredible stunts.

Stunts at the controls of an airplane are one of the most difficult skills to acquire, but once learned they are the most impressive. This is reflected in the Patrulla Águila of the Spanish army, this patrol is an acrobatic patrol that performs all kinds of stunts. The Patrulla Águila has received numerous awards since it is the only one that takes off and lands in formation, it also performs stunts as impressive as the heart in which two planes make a big heart and another goes through it simulating an arrow.

 

WRITING 4 CELIA DE LA LUZ MARÍN RODRIGUEZ

 Nowadays, airplanes increasingly improve their characteristics. Although there are some of them that are made for transporting people from one place to another, others are made to make incredible maneuvers from the sky. Those ones that you see in the sky and you wish you could be the pilot that carry that modern aircraft.

An example of a group of people that make these amazing maneuvers is called “Eagle Patrol”, an acrobatic flight group made of seven pilots. They have to have special qualities to form part of it.

First, they have a briefing of the type of flight they are going to do, the meteorology, the maneuvers that are going to be done, the time and lots of specific things. When it comes down to it, they check that everything is fine and take off. Once they are in the sky they coordinate their airplanes to make letters, symbols or even a flag with different colors. 

To make these movements they rotate in bank, pitch, and yaw while also moving horizontally, vertically, and laterally. They adopt unusual attitudes that not everyone can stand.

In conclusion, unbelievable movements are done moving the entire airplane and having control of it, a very difficult task. Last but not least, I wish I could be part of that group and be able to do the incredible things they do.

WRITING 4 JUAN CARLOS GIL MANISILLA

 Nowadays, there are a lot of technologies in our planes to avoid an accident or anything wrong in the middle of the flight. But something problems only can be solved by a good pilot thanks to some maneuvers, for example, if you lost the motor by a problem, you should plane and try to avoid crash on the floor.  The pilot`s fighter must know some maneuvers for the combat, for example, they know do a looping or climb vertically to prevent enemy´s missiles, A fighter plane is very fast and agile, this is the reason for they can do a lot of type of maneuvers. Sr-71 was the faster plane in the world, if they detected a missile, they only accelerate. It was a spy plane and fly high altitude although its cost was very high. One day there was an accident, the plane disintegrated in the atmosphere due to high velocity and an error in its structure caused by its heating. The blackbird has never flown again.

WRITING 4 JUÁN SEBASTIÁN ENCINALES VEGA

 Understanding the working of the different three key axes of a modern aircraft its necessary for a pilot to be able to fly whatever kind of aircraft, either a fighter, a helicopter, or a transport plane. 

This is an essential requirement for a pilot to learn different kinds of maneuvers, from the simplest to the most complicated one, specially for the military pilots, which fly the newest aircrafts and carry out the most dangerous missions.
Basically a maneuver consists in a modify of the position of the aircraft in its three axes. In the vertical axis produces the movement called “yaw”, in the longitudinal axis, the movement is called “roll” and finally, in the lateral axis, movement is called “pitch”.
But this maneuvers are executed not only for military missions or simply for a commercial flight, but it is also used by acrobatic pilots which entertain civilian people with famous maneuvers such as the looping, the heart, the Immelmann twist, etc. 

For example, the Immelman twist consist in a maneuver in which the aircraft rotates 180 degrees in the lateral axis, staying prone, and then it rotates 180 degrees in the longitudinal one, changing its heading.

WRITING 4 EDUARDO MEDINA PASTOR

 Over the past few decades planes have experienced an exponential evolution, Modern aircraft perform rapid maneuvers thanks to their aptitud, while old ones hardly turn.

Nowadays the most powerful and modern planes as eurofyghters , which are planed for air combat, must have specifics characteristics to hold that situations. There are different type of maneuvers depending on the objective of the aircraft, but all of them do the typical ones, take off and landing, apart from the basic maneuvers exists others to evade enemy´s planes as imperial, looping, or simply to do air show. 

In a looping you take altitude, descend and then you push the joystick, you hold it until you return to the initial position. An imperial is similar to looping, but instead of continue holding the joystick, when you have done the half part, with the head directed to the floor, you move turn the plan on its horizontal axis, and keep the plane straight.

This maneuvers are somo of the basic ones that we learn in Academia General del Aire,but there are more tan we think.

WRITING 4 PABLO GRIÑÁN PAYÁ

 Currently, we have the opportunity to see fighters doing astonishing maneuvers at high speeds. However, these amazing pilots have had to learn how to do basic maneuvers, as without them, they wouldn’t be able to carry out the more complex ones. An example of basic maneuver could be the Split S.

Pilots learn these maneuvers in order to use it during a fight to escape from the combat. During the procedure, the aircraft is turned upside down and then the pilot executes a half down loop. These maneuvers are a bit risky and require the pilot to have a high knowledge and comprehension about the plane, because its a descent maneuver and you could crash while you are doing the half looping. During Split S, mainly two out three axes of the plane intervene which are pitch yaw. The pilot develops a high level of spatial vision and they must have knowledge about meteorology and many aspects of training aviation. In addition, the pilots who perform these stunts must be both physically and physiologically very well prepared due to the physical wear and tear they suffer.

Modern aircraft are increasingly analog and automatic, making these maneuvers safer and easier for the pilot to perform. The astonishing world of aviation is continuos development and will never stop amaze us.

WRITING 4 ANTONIO MARTÍN SÁNCHEZ

 To start with, nowadays is totally normal, except to the small-age population, youngsters, to see an airplane. Let me send you a question. ¿Why have we accepted the airplanes as a dominant mode of transportation without making a research about them? I encourage you to return to a little boy that gets a neck pain when he looks higher to catch with his eyes a plain.

The gorgeous machine, invented by the most brilliant minds of humanity, has cumbersome procedures, which led the iron bird fly wherever it wants. To be more specific, it is important to take into account the different movements it makes to reach its final destination. Furthermore, they make movements around longitudinal, vertical and lateral axis, making a roll, a yaw and a pitch, respectively. Due to three movements, among other things, the pilot develops a high level of spatial vision, and specific training in aviation, meteorology and physics.

Going to the next point, aircraft ascends rapidly, avoiding anti-aircraft fire, using changes in all three axes. This great opportunity gives us the possibility and the power of making unexpected things like have the control of the sky or making solidary activities.

WRITING 4 LUIS CALVO RUIZ

 Firstly, I´m goint to talk about the F-35, which is a good example to explain all the maneouvers. The main ones are take-off and landing. Elevate the plane above the floor is a crucial momento and probably the most dangerous maneouver. There is a time where everything must be corrected or there could be a disaster. The landing must be soft in order to keep the plane on the track and avoid a bounce. Moreover, this aircraft can take-off as a coopter and it doesn´t need a track to achive the optimal speed.

Secondly, this model is a versatile aircraft and can make hard moves in an easy way thanks to its desing. It is the plane which pitch closest making the smallest loops tha others can do. In turn, the F-35 rolls in a same axis and it could delete turbulences. With this, the cockpit will keep more oxygen and the pilot won´t make dizzy. The last maneouver is yawing. The rudders of this plane give a nice backwards balance, stablishing the body of the plane with any speed.

To sum up, the F-35 is the most expensive plane in the world and unluckly Spain doesn´t own it.

WRITING 4 IGNACIO GÓNZALEZ CEREZO

 Flying an airplane straight-and-level is already a very complex task, but performing successfully a demanding maneuver is a whole different level of difficulty.

The maneuver I am going to write about isn’t precisely one that requires the latest aircraft systems, in fact it is one of the first ones taught to student pilots, given that it makes these future pilots aware of how the tiniest change in a planes path requires the manipulation of the three axis. This is the S turns using ground reference, it consists in choosing a straight path, road or river and flying into it perpendicularly, as soon as you are straight above it start to turn back into it trying to perform a perfect semicircle, and when you are again above your ground reference you should be perpendicular, wings-level and at the same altitude at which you started the maneuver, and repeat the process. It may not sound very demanding, but when the turn starts, if the pilot makes the mistake of only rolling the aircraft, the plane will tend to lose altitude, and the turn will be uncoordinated. This multitasking phenomenon while communicating and checking all engine gauges is definitely not easy to accomplish.

WRITING 4 RUBÉN JUÁREZ SÁNCHEZ

Nowadays the most modern aircraft perform various rapid maneuvers that are very effective, as well as spectacular for our eyes. For a long time, these movements have been developed by aerospace engineers and have gradually been refined.

To begin with, we must say that there are three key axes that define the maneuvers of an aircraft. Between these three axes we can find the lateral axis, that allows the plane to ascend or descend, that is, up or down movement from the elevators changes pitch (it's one of the most basic maneuvers. We also have the vertical axis, which means that left or right movement of the rudder changes yaw, which helps the plane turn in the air and you can also accompany it with the movement that goes next, roll. Last but not least is the roll, which is allowed by the longitudinal axis, and is caused by deflecting elevators (this movement can be seen better in attack and combat aircraft (fighter jet).

These movements are changed in helicopters, because unlike fighters for example, these are not made to attack but have other types of movements characteristic of these (for example, descending quickly without moving from its vertical axis)

WRITING 4 ANDRÉS GARCÍA FUENTES

 Currently, aeronautical industry has experienced a great advance, thanks to past research, and  the efforts of scientists and inventors, who had as a dream, the power to fly through the skies.  It took many years since the first prototype airplane was designed, until it became a reality. And  even though there are already airplanes with elegant capabilities, the industry continues to  advance, and improvements continue to emerge for current aircraft. 

Today´s airplanes can make special maneuvres such as loops, barrels, inverted. They can exceed the speed of sound, as well as reaching the exosphere, the last layer of the atmosphere. 

It is necessary to mention the flexibility of the aircraft, so that the reason that make it possible  for the aircraft to have such characteristics. Aircraft are divided into three axis, each of which  provides it with a type of motion. 

Thanks to the division into axes, the planes perform movements on longitudinal, vertical and lateral axis, making roll, a yaw and a pitch, respectively. 

Military aircraft, especially combat aircraft, are a clear example of the great capabilities that  aircraft can have. These are almost capable of breaking the laws of physics, due to their great  maneuvrability.